Materiality In Financial Statements Essays - Auditing, Materiality

Materiality In Financial Statements It is the responsibility of an independent auditor to plan and perform an audit of financial statements that will provide reasonable assurance of detecting errors and irregularities that are material in nature. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the essence of the concept of materiality is: The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item. Materiality is a term that is hard to quantify, and must be determined for each individual situation. Public accounting firms have established informal quantitative and qualitative measures in an attempt to establish materiality thresholds. These measures have been affected and enhanced by statements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies and professional organizations. In setting the preliminary judgment about materiality, auditors establish the maximum amount by which they believe the statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users. An amount is considered material when it is one dollar more than the amount required for a user of financial statements to change their decision. Two broad types of materiality have been recognized: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative materiality is economic in nature and exclusively depends on the effect of a fact on the companys financial performance. Typically, public accounting firms have established quantitative materiality thresholds, and have used specific mathematical procedures in this process. Once the effect of a fact exceeds a certain percentage or amount of the item serving as the base measurement (ie. net income, stock price, or total assets), the fact is disclosed as a material statement. Qualitative materiality is not as straightforward or easy to measure. In an attempt to clarify qualitative materiality, FASB asserted that materiality judgments can properly be made only by those who have all the facts. Thus, qualitative materiality takes into account the relevance and reliability of a fact to determine its effects on the financial statements, encompassing the information available in its entirety. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an agency of the federal government whose purpose is to help to provide investors with reliable information for use in making financial and investment decisions. The SEC has determined that the creation of accounting principles and auditing standards should be left to the accounting professionals, namely the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Auditing Standards Board (ASB). However, the position of the SEC is greatly taken into account when changes are proposed. Recently, the SEC disclosed its position on the practice of using quantitative benchmarks in determining materiality. On August 12, 1999, the SEC released Staff Accounting Bulletin 99. This bulletin expressed the view of the SEC that exclusive reliance on certain quantitative thresholds to assess materiality is inappropriate. SAB 99 eliminated the common rule of thumb practice followed by most public accounting firms that allowed transactions affecting financial statements by an amount less than five percent to be disregarded and deemed immaterial. The quantifying of materiality in a percentage term should be just the beginning of a materiality analysis. The emphasis of the SECs bulletin was to encourage auditors to view facts in the context of the surrounding circumstances. All relevant factors, both quantitative and qualitative, must be accounted for and magnitude by itself, without regard to the nature of the item and the circumstances in which the judgment has to be made, will not generally be a sufficient basis for a materiality judgment. To assist auditors in determining relevant considerations in determining materiality, SAB 99 provided a partial list of situations where misstatements that are quantitatively small may be deemed material. These situations include misstatements which: Arise from an item capable of precise measurement or from an estimate and, if so, the degree of imprecision inherent in the estimate Mask a change in earnings or other trends Hide a failure to meet analysts consensus expectations for the enterprise Change a loss into income or vice versa Concern a segment or other portion of the registrants business that

Free Essays on Max Weber

MAX WEBER Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Weber first observes a correlation between being Protestant and being involved in business, and declares his intent to explore religion as a potential cause of the modern economic conditions. He argues that the modern spirit of capitalism sees profit as an end in itself, and pursuing profit as virtuous. Weber's goal is to understand the source of this spirit. He turns to Protestantism for a potential explanation. Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly "calling," and gives worldly activity a religious character. While important, this alone cannot explain the need to pursue profit. One branch of Protestantism, Calvinism, does provide this explanation. Calvinists be! lieve in predestinationthat God has already determined who is saved and damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about whether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of God's favor. Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. However, once capitalism emerged, the Protestant values were no longer necessary, and their ethic took on a life of its own. We are now locked into the spirit of capitalism because it is so useful for modern economic activity. Throughout his book, Weber emphasizes that his account is incomplete. He is not arguing that Protestantism caused the capitalistic spirit, but rather that i... Free Essays on Max Weber Free Essays on Max Weber MAX WEBER Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Weber first observes a correlation between being Protestant and being involved in business, and declares his intent to explore religion as a potential cause of the modern economic conditions. He argues that the modern spirit of capitalism sees profit as an end in itself, and pursuing profit as virtuous. Weber's goal is to understand the source of this spirit. He turns to Protestantism for a potential explanation. Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly "calling," and gives worldly activity a religious character. While important, this alone cannot explain the need to pursue profit. One branch of Protestantism, Calvinism, does provide this explanation. Calvinists be! lieve in predestinationthat God has already determined who is saved and damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about whether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of God's favor. Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. However, once capitalism emerged, the Protestant values were no longer necessary, and their ethic took on a life of its own. We are now locked into the spirit of capitalism because it is so useful for modern economic activity. Throughout his book, Weber emphasizes that his account is incomplete. He is not arguing that Protestantism caused the capitalistic spirit, but rather that i... Free Essays on Max Weber â€Å"Seest thou a man diligent in his business? He shall stand before kings† (Proverbs 22:29). This verse from the Bible describes Max Weber’s argument of the relationship between business and religion. He basically describes the way Calvinism, a doctrine of the Protestant religion, had effects on capitalism. The ethics of the Protestant religion were the main factors that affected capitalism. One of these characteristics was how the religion â€Å"acted powerfully against the spontaneous enjoyment of possessions† (Seeing Ourselves p. 348). This statement basically described the way materialistic things and earthly possessions were not to be pleasured too much. The second characteristic was described by Weber saying the religion â€Å"restricted consumption, especially of the luxuries† (Seeing Ourselves p. 348). This characteristic shows how Weber thought the Protestant religion prohibited a build-up of possessions. One last characteristic is how the religion had the â€Å"psychological effect of freeing the acquisition of good from the inhibitions of traditionalistic ethics† (Seeing Ourselves p. 348). Acquisition, or ownership, being freed from inhibitions, or embarrassment, of traditionalistic ethics meant that this ownership was viewed as being willed by God. These characteristics of Protestantism were believed to help shape the foundation of capitalism in Weber’s opinion. Because all of these factors proved the followers of this religion saved money, spent it wisely, and accumulated only the things of necessity, this â€Å"work-and-save† attitude aided capitalism in several ways. One way was working hard and to the best of their ability. This promoted the development of capitalism because strong workers resulted in strong companies which lead to a strong economy. After the people would work, they would earn money. However, instead of spending this money on fancy things, they would instead save it and be very frugal with what they... Free Essays on Max Weber Max Weber was the first to observe and write on bureaucracies which developed in Germany during the 19th century. He considered them to be efficient, rational and honest, a big improvement over the haphazard administration that they replaced. The German government was better developed than that in the United States and Britain and was nearly equal to that of France. Weber saw that modern officialdom functioned according to six principles: (1) Fixed and official jurisdictional areas which are ordered by rules, that is laws and administrative regulations. (2) Hierarchy and levels of graded authority where the lower offices are supervised by the higher ones. (3) Management is based on official documents (the files). (4) The officials have thorough and expert training. (5) It requires the full time work of the official. (6) Management follows rules. While these principles seem obvious today, German government agencies were pioneering modern administration to replace practices dating back to the Middle Ages owing loyalty to the king, dukes and the church. From the perspective of the official, Weber observed that office holding is a "vocation," that is it is a calling requiring a prescribed course of training for a long period of time and having examinations which are a prerequisite for employment. He is to be loyal to the office he holds, not to a patron. By virtue of his position, the official enjoys high social esteem. (Weber notes that this is especially weak in the United States.) The official is appointed by a superior official; he is not elected. Normally he works for the agency for life; he does not fear being fired for failing to please a patron. He receives a salary and an pension when he retires. The official pursues a career within the bureaucracy, moving up to more responsible positions according to his experience and ability. Weber is also known for his theory of charismatic leadership. Charisma is the gift from above wher...

Advanced Information Security

Viewing Web pages: For the web pages, the imposter could appeal off a phishing attack, tricking users into thinking that they were accessing their bank's Web site, and hence pull off a man-in-the-middle attack and gather login credentials. Moreover, they are accessing some personal data or putting some personal data on some website and hence pull off a man in the middle attack and collect all the personal details of this user. Why, in practice, are server certificates rarely signed: It appears to be too much trouble to distribute the public keys securely for the certificate authorities in advance and store them in the .ssh/authorized_keys directory of the client machines. The user wants to be sure that he or she has logged in to the machine that she is trying to log in to, especially if the authentication method is to send a password.   Otherwise, an attacker could act as a man-in-the-middle. Rule conflicts is a problem in a firewall rule set. Some rules are created for rejecting all the packets from a particular destination. On the other hand, some rules are established to accept all the packets from a particular destination. If reject and accept destination are same then rule conflicts will be Occur. In this case, some rule conflicts are present which is given bellow: Above table shows that rule 2 allow all the packets from the destination IP address and destination port. Rule 3 indicates that all the packets are rejected from a particular destination where the destination of rule 2 and 3 is same. Therefore, a rule conflict occurs. In this case rule, 13 allow all the packets those are using any protocol. But in rule 14 and 15 shows that the packets are rejected those are using TCP and UDP protocol. Therefore, a rule conflict occurs. The FIRST match policy put on the first rule which match the packet. The BEST match policy put on the rule which is more accurate regarding the network. The LAST match policy put on the rule that is first. Mainly it is bottom to top. Proxy Firewall is one type of network security system which protects a network by filtering the packets. This firewall is used in an application layer. The proxy firewall allows all the network traffic by checking their validity. Proxy firewall is placed in the network gateway.   All incoming packets are checked in the proxy server. If the packets are authorized then, proxy firewall grants the access. If not then proxy firewall destroy this packet.   The transparent firewall acts as a gateway of a network. Mainly it is a routed hop. It is also called layer 2 firewalls which perform as a "bump in the wire" or a "stealth firewall." A transparent firewall has commonly used the firewall. The proxy filter firewall is extremely secure than the transparent firewall. The main difference between the transparent firewall and proxy firewall is proxy firewall use a proxy server in the system, but the transparent firewall is used routed hop firewall. NAT stand for Network Address Translation. NAT is applied in a single device as a network gateway. For an example router. A net enables router connect with the internet and hide the entire private from the public network. In NAT system, it is not necessary to recognize all the internal devices. All the generated request by workstation are sent via the router. NAT help the router to transfer this packets in the internet t destination. The NAT convert the source address of all packets and place its IP address. If security is to provide in to the NAT, the network will be more secure for the attackers. Mainly NAT create a firewall for the security purpose. All servers that are presented to people in the general system (web), including web servers and DNS servers ought to be set in the DMZ. The DMZ is a different subnet situated outside of the association's system, but at the same time secured by a firewall. Movement starting from the organization's system is permitted into the DMZ, however, activity from the DMZ is not allowed into the association's system. This is imperative since ought to a server get to be bargained, and an aggressor cannot access the organization's inside system. Braun, J., Volk, F., Classen, J., Buchmann, J. and Mà ¼hlhà ¤user, M., 2014. CA trust management for the Web PKI. Journal of Computer Security, 22(6), pp.913-959. Bray, R.F., Grzelak, C.P. and Keirstead, J.D., International Business Machines Corporation, 2015. Firewall event reduction for rule use counting. U.S. Patent 9,043,461. Carthern, C., Wilson, W., Bedwell, R. and Rivera, N., 2015. Network Address Translation and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In Cisco Networks (pp. 255-272). Apress. Francis, P., 2015. Network Address Translation (NAT). ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 45(2), pp.50-50. Ghai, S. and Verma, A., 2015. Network Security Using Divergent Firewall Technologies. IITM Journal of Information Technology, 1, p.29. Kachare, M.S.S. and Deshmukh, P., 2015. Firewall Policy Anomaly Management with Optimizing Rule Order. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), 4(2), pp.201-205. Mao, H., Zhu, L. and Li, M., 2012, September. Current State and Future Development Trend of Firewall Technology. In Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), 2012 8th International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Vratonjic, N., Freudiger, J., Bindschaedler, V. and Hubaux, J.P., 2013. The inconvenient truth about web certificates. In Economics of information security and privacy iii (pp. 79-117). Springer New York.

Critical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical paper - Essay Example (Lumpkin, 56). As from the book A Woman like Me Bettye, clearly show courage in pushing ahead nevertheless being abandoned by his best friend. A Woman like Me is a tour de force from one of the most outspoken female performers singing today and she is a force to be reckoned with. From the story, Bettye la Vette is able to deal and face the world with fear or danger without flinching Bettye in her life she faces more challenging events but with time .Some of the problems were as a result of friend influence they highly affected her behavioral changes. For instance Bettye La Vette after being in association with legends like Aretha Franklin, James Brown Otis Redding , and Marvin Gaye made her fade back into obscurity. As much of what threads on in the world about you due to what people think rather than actually what you are always be focused and keep the determination to success, also one need to present himself in the way he wants the world to observe the passion of pressing forward. (Lumpkin, 103) Being courageous and persistence one need to understand himself/herself better in terms of weakness and strengths as this will help you in winning over the obstacles on the way. Others pretend to be something they truly are not.   No matter which way you look at it, if you try to act like someone you are not, the truth will always appear in the end.   That is exactly what happened in Bettye. Previously, she pretended to be someone else but in real, she understands the true story of herself. (Candre, 98) Bettye La Vette emerged courageous and focused when she had the freedom to be associated with all types of individual from musicians to politicians from the book she clearly reveals herself as an individual who believes that no body as ever enjoyed the act of sex as she has done. For instance through the courage and the ability to keep her goals she was proud to present in the inauguration ceremony of United States of

Auditing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Auditing - Case Study Example The authorization of gambling is not an issue for a number of states in the US but the major issue is in the form of developing quality audit programs to measure and analyze the operations of the casinos in a systematic manner (Arens, 2012). A number of states in the US have stated the fact that gambling and especially casinos promote economic development. Nevada’s statute declares that gaming industry is vital for the state development and general welfare of people while New Jersey’s statute states that casinos promotes tourism, resort, and recreational activities leading to the creation of economic value in the long run. There is no doubt that several states in the US have promoted casinos in a legal manner but the obvious question surrounding the operations of casinos is in the form of use of auditing tools in order to assess and analyze the overall success factors associated with it. In order to do so, the major purpose of the discussion is to analyze the usefulness of auditing in the context of analyzing the case study of Sands Hotel and Casino. This will help in understanding the relevance and importance of auditing in making business operations fair and transparent. Auditing refers to a systematic review and examination of books, accounts, journals, documents, and vouchers of organizations to analyze and assess the validity and reliability of financial statements in terms of absolute trueness and fairness. Additionally, auditing is considered as an independent examination of data, statements, records, and performance of organizations. Auditing is a complex process requiring high degree of honesty and understanding of the financial statements. An auditor is required to analyze and assess the evidences along with evaluating the same on the basis of the skilled judgment. Additionally, an auditor needs to offer clear and true verdict of his findings through a systematic report

Bipolar Disorder in Islam Essay Example for Free

Bipolar Disorder in Islam Essay If your pancreas couldn’t produce insulin, you wouldn’t have much trouble accepting the deficiency and then taking the necessary meds or treatment. Well, think of your brain in the same way. Right now your mind is not in balance. It is missing certain chemicals that control your mood. And you are simply taking meds to fix the balance of chemicals. Blame no one for the Bipolar. It’s not your fault that you got sick. As Randy Pausch says, We cannot change the cards we are dealt, just how we play the hand. You are simply being tested with this illness. Some people have high cholesterol, some have diabetes and some have a missing leg. It’s all a test from Allah. And no one is spared from it. This test is here to bring out the best in us. Accept Bipolar as one of your tests from Allah. This will distance you from the disorder and make you see it for what really is: an illness. Once you separate yourself from the illness, you will start to detach yourself from the illness. . Being sent to the hospital doesn’t mean no one cares for you; it doesn’t mean you have failed. A hospitalization can often be the best thing during a severe mania episode. , look at the hyper sexuality objectively. See it as part of the disorder and not as your personality. Look for the good in it. As one Prophet passed the donkey’s carcass, all his companions commented on its ugliness. But he praised it for its white teeth. During depression, your   brain is low on the hormone that makes you feel good. That is why you are feeling down. It has nothing to do with what kind of a Muslim you are and how much you pray or don’t pray You must see depression as a disease, with a biological cause that can be treated and not a character flaw. That is 80% of your work: distancing yourself from the depression. Then you can love yourself for who you are and work on treating the depression. 1) Pray on time. 2) Take meds on time. 3) Sleep, exercise and eat healthy. Meds do 20% of the work and exercise is a big part of the other 80%. It’s not all about losing pounds. Jogging or swimming or lifting weights keeps you sane. So don’t follow a workout routine that makes you go insane. Yes Allah will run to you but you have to walk to Him first. Your family, doctors and the meds can only do so much. The rest is in your hands. I will leave you with one question: How will your Bipolar bring you closer to Allah?

Mars: A Last Frontier Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Mars: A Last Frontier ABSTRACT: In this paper, I will attempt to present a general discussion of Mars and attempt to explain some of the history and reasons why Mars has been a fixture of human imagination. Ultimately, I hope that my overview will help the reader understand Mars and what is fact and science fiction concerning the possibilities of traveling, living on, and discovering life on Mars. Mars has once again gained national notoriety and graced the front pages of many popular magazines in recent months. The possibility that life existed on Mars has gotten the science community in a frenzy over renewed possibilities for continued exploration of this mysterious planet. New evidence of life on Mars is hinged on the conjecture that water once was abundant in the Martian atmosphere. The quest to prove that water and discover if life did exist has spurred international cooperation in sponsoring various missions to Mars. Curiosity about Mars is not a new phenomena. In fact, Mars has been present in literature, film, and radio for hundreds of years. Perhaps, one of the most poignant examples of Martian influence in our the world's media is the radio adaptation of H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds given by Orson Welles. Welles, in this fictional address intended to sound like a broadcast, reported that Martians had landed at Grovers Mill, New Jersey. Welles conveyed that the world would meet impending doom (http://humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/fun/pop.html). Thousands of Americans who tuned in after Welles explained to the audience was fiction believed that New Jersey had truly been invaded, and a brief panic ensued. Welles rectified the crisis by reiterating that the address was absolutely untrue. However, the panic inci... ...ize the planets magnetic fields and ultimately help determine the planet's core temperature, and lastly the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) which will measure the height of the Martian surfaces by rapidly firing infrared light and measuring the time it takes for the light to be reflected back to the spacecraft (http://mgs-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/mgsbroca.html). These new technologies will hopefully provide new insight into the mysteries of this planet. People in the space program are very optimistic about what this unmanned series of missions to Mars over the course of the next decade will yield. Research universities, NASA and aerospace firms hope to eventually send humans to Mars and possibly even colonize the planet (Begley, p.54). The turn of the next century will be an exciting time for the space industry as science fiction very well may become a reality.

Effects Of Menopause On Women Health And Social Care Essay

The climacteric affects womens normal quality of life and is marked by the stoping of menses. This fact has been proved and highlighted by research workers from clip to clip. In the UK and other developed states tremendous diminution in maternal mortality, leads to increasing proportions of adult females are lasting up to the climacteric age and old ages of active life beyond it. The mean life anticipation for adult females in developed states is around 75 old ages ( Khaw, 1992 ) . Harmonizing to Rees et al figure of older people will lift because addition in life anticipation and diminution in birthrate rate ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Majority of adult females in advanced societies experience climacteric and can anticipate to populate about 30 old ages beyond this event ( McKinlay et al, 2008 ) . This means most of adult females will confront alterations during menopausal age which includes vasomotor symptoms, sexual disfunction, psychological symptoms and the long term effects of climacteric on bone. Osteoporosis increases the hazard of break and loss of mobility which leads to dependence of others. Consultations for the climacteric are increasing with the addition population and at that place high life anticipation. Health attention professionals associated with adult females ‘s wellness, will be covering with this of all time increasing job more often. This literature reappraisal will assist trainee gynecologist, general practicians and advisers to better their apprehension of climacteric symptoms and there comparative directionAim and ObjectiveThis reappraisal article is aimed to review and better cognition of trainee gynecologists, general practicians and advisers covering with menopausal adult females. An effort is made to simplify the basic constructs in climacteric based on critical analysis of best available grounds. The completed reappraisal article was sent to five gynecologists who have interested in climacteric for equal reappraisal and feedback. These included specializer registrars, advisers, and general practicians. The feedback questionnaires include inquiries about content, relevancy to targeted audience and utility in pattern. The quality graduated table with five point response options from ‘1 for hapless ‘ through to ‘5 for excellent ‘ was used. The free text inquiries about countries for betterment and airing of this article were besides included. The feedback signifiers were collected and analysed anonymously. In the reflection subdivision, thoughts and suggestions from equal reappraisal forms the nucleus treatment.Literature reappraisalWhat is Menopause?The climacteric is defined as the surcease of the catamenial rhythm and is caused by ovarian failure. The term is derived from the Greek meno, intending month, and intermission, intending an stoping. ( Rees e t al 2009 ) . The perimenopause includes the period get downing with the first characteristics of nearing climacteric and ends 1 twelvemonth after the last catamenial period. Menopausal passage is period of clip of the perimenopause that ends with the concluding catamenial period ( Burger et al, 2002 ) .What happens ( biological science of climacteric ) ?The biological science underlying the passage to menopause includes cardinal neuroendocrine alterations every bit good as alterations within the ovary, the most contact of which is a profound diminution in follicle Numberss ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . The entire Numberss of oocyte are maximum at intrauterine life. The entire figure of germ cells appears to lift steadily, around 600,000 at 2 months which making a extremum of 6,800,000 at 5 month. By the clip of birth, the figure of oocyte will worsen. In newborn babies around 100,000 oocytes remains and at the age of 7 old ages merely 300,000 oocytes survives ( Baker, 1963 ) . The figur e of follicles lessenings with increased age, alteration occurs when figure of follicle falls to the critical figure of 25,000 at age 37.5 old ages. The figure of follicle reduced to around 1000 at 51 old ages and it was adopted as the menopausal threshold because it corresponds to the average age of climacteric in the general population ( Faddy et al, 1992 ) . In one survey it was demonstrated that figure of follicle was 10-fold higher in normal flowing adult females than that in perimenopausal adult females. Follicles were virtually absent in the postmenopausal ovaries ( Richardson et al, 1987 ) . Menopause is triggered by the figure of ovarian follicles falling below a threshold figure and is irreversible because oogonial root cells disappear after birth ( Faddy et al, 1992 ) .When it happens?In one survey it is demonstrated that the mean age at natural climacteric was 51.4 old ages. If the climacteric occurs in a adult female who is less than 45 old ages of age, it is known as premature climacteric ( have to happen out ) . Smoke, lower educational attainment and nonemployment were related to earlier age at natural climacteric and anterior usage of unwritten preventives and para were associated with ulterior age at climacteric ( Gold, et Al, 2001 ) .What are the common symptoms of climacteric?In climacteric, there is decrease in producti on of oestrogen and addition in degree of gonadotrophin. Follicular exciting endocrine gets addition in circulation and lessening in degree of oestradiol and inhibin B ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . Therefore during the climacteric diminution in the degree of oestrogen, can do a figure of symptoms. The major menopausal symptoms are hot flowers, dark workout suits and urogenital symptoms, including vaginal waterlessness, loss of lubrication with sexual intercourse, and urinary frequence ( Farrell 2003 ) . Some symptoms are discussed in item below ;Vasomotor symptomsHot flowers and dark workout suits are the primary and most common symptoms of climacteric. Hot flowers have great variableness in their frequence and badness in adult females ; they may prevail for several months or last for 10 old ages ( Utian, WH, 2005 ) . Hot flowers are episodes of inappropriate heat loss mediated by cutaneal vasodilatation over the upper bole ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Vasomotor symptoms are extremely prevaili ng in most societies. The prevalence of these symptoms varies widely and may be influenced by a scope of factors, including clime, diet, lifestyle, adult females ‘s functions, and attitudes sing the terminal of generative life and aging. Forms in hot flush prevalence were evident for menopausal phases and, to a lesser grade, for regional fluctuation ( Freeman et al, 2007 ) .Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinencyAtrophic alterations occur in the vulva, vagina, urethra and vesica subsequent to oestrogen want ( Iosif, 1992 ) . This changes leads to cut down sexual activity. The oestrogen receptors decline in the vaginal mucous membrane after the climacteric, Cavallini survey shows ER as dominant oestrogen receptor in the human vagina and no significant difference has been seen in its look between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups. While a diminution of the ER? messenger RNA degree has been found in the post-menopausal adult females merely. Therefore, Oestrogen recept ors ne'er disappear wholly and, in response to exogenic oestrogens, the figure of receptors in the vagina can return to pre-menopausal degrees ( Cavallini et al, 2008 ) . Therefore, this activation of oestrogen receptors produces an addition in vaginal secernments and epithelial proliferation and vascularization taking to glycogen deposition and a decrease in vaginal pH due to higher lactic acid production ( Galhardo et al, 2006 ) . Some symptoms of urogenital wasting are listed in Table 1.Table 1. Symptoms of Urogenital AtrophyVaginalUrinaryDryness Frequency Rubing Nocturia Burning/Soreness Urgency Discharge Dysurias Dyspareunia Recurrent urinary piece of land infectionsPsychological Symptom Depressed temper, anxiousness, crossness, temper swings are symptoms associated with climacteric ( Freeman et al, 2008 ) . There is grounds of increased hazard for developing depression. Depression during the perimenopause may hold a significant impact on personal, household and professional domains of life ( Cohen et al, 2005 ) . Womans are at a higher hazard than work forces to develop depression. Menopausal passage is associated with higher hazard for new oncoming and perennial depression. Ovarian endocrines modulate 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline neurotransmission, a procedure that may be associated with implicit in pathophysiological procedures involved in the outgrowth of depressive symptoms during periods of hormonal fluctuation in biologically predisposed subpopulations ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . In one survey following psychological symptoms were included ; ( Greene, 2008 ) . The psychological symptoms are listed in Table 2.Psychological SymptomsAnxietyDepressionFeeling t ense or nervous Feeling unhappy or down Attack of terror Loss of involvement in things Heart crushing rapidly or strongly Irritability Excitable Shouting enchantments Trouble in take a breathing Feeling tired or missing in energy Trouble in concentratingOsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass, micro architectural impairment of bone tissue taking to heighten bone breakability and a attendant addition in break hazard ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) . The authoritative osteoporotic breaks are hep, vertebral and wrist breaks. These osteoporotic breaks such as hip breaks have a really high morbidity and mortality. The life-time hazard of any osteoporotic break is really high and lies within the scope of 40-50 % in adult females and 13-22 % for work forces. Fractures happening at a site associated with low BMD and which addition in incidence after the age of 50 old ages ( Johnell and Kanis, 2005 ) .Dementia and Cognitive mapHarmonizing to one survey grounds suggests that oestrogen failure associated with climacteric and station climacteric, which is related to cognitive and affectional upsets and to increased hazard of Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Solerte et al, 1999 ) . A gr adual diminution in cognitive maps is portion of the normal aging procedure. However, pronounced confusion, freak out, memory loss and other alterations may signal a underdeveloped dementedness. A broad assortment of upsets can do dementedness like Alzheimer disease, vascular dementedness and dementedness with Lewy organic structures ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementedness and is characterized by memory loss, confusion and cognitive shortages ( ) . Oestrogen influences memory, knowledge and attenuates the extent of cell decease ensuing from encephalon hurts ( Wise et al, 2001 ) . Several surveies suggested that oestrogen is indispensable for optimum encephalon maps as oestrogen has been shown to increase intellectual blood flow, act as an anti-inflammatory agent, and enhance activity at neural synapses ( Behl, 2002 ) .Which are the interventions for menopausal symptoms?Merely one in 10 adult females seeks medical advice when they go through t he climacteric, and many do non necessitate any intervention. However, if your menopausal symptoms are terrible plenty to interfere with your day-to-day life, there are interventions that can assist.Treatment for vasomotor symptomsHormone replacing therapy is extremely effectual in relieving hot flowers and dark workout suits. In one systematic reappraisal 21 surveies, continuance from 3 month to 3 old ages were included with 2511 participants. There was a important decrease of strength and frequence of hot flowers in the HRT group compared to placebo group was observed ( Maclennan et al, 2001 ) . Patches, gels and implants have been found to cut down hot flowers with the same grade of efficaciousness as unwritten therapy ( Farrell 2003 ) . One randomised test demonstrates that black baneberry used in isolation or in a multibotanical merchandise helps in alleviation of vasomotor symptoms ( Newton et al, 2006 ) . In one dual blind, randomised, parallel group, outpatient, multicenter survey entire 177 postmenopausal adult females were sing five or more hot flowers per twenty-four hours were randomized to have either soy isoflavone infusion or placebo. Decreases in the incidence and badness of hot flowers occurred every bit shortly as 2 hebdomads in the soy group, whereas the placebo group experienced no alleviation for the first 4 hebdomads. Soy isoflavone infusion has effectual in cut downing frequence and badness of flowers and supply an attractive add-on to the picks available for alleviation of hot flowers. ( Upmalis et al, 2000 ) .Treatment for Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinencyOestrogen therapy is first pick of intervention for urogenital wasting ( Palacios, 2009 ) . A meta-analysis of surveies of oestrogen therapy demonstrated that, oestrogen is efficacious in the intervention of urogenital wasting. Low-dose vaginal oestradiol readyings are every bit effectual as systemic oestrogen therapy in the intervention of urogenital wasting in postmenopausal adult females ( Cardozo et al, 1998 ) . Oestrogen pick 1 or 2 times/week may forestall return after symptoms are resolved ( Laurie, 2001 ) . In one reappraisal it was concluded, that oestrogen given consistently or locally in all dose regimen is effectual, but topical vaginal application entirely is preferable if systematic intervention is non needed ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Cochrane systematic reappraisal besides concluded that vaginal oestrogen reduces the figure of urinary piece of land infections in postmenopausal adult females ‘s, with perennial urinary piece of land infection ( Perrotta et al, 2008 ) . Vaginal lubricators and moisturizers are besides helpful ; it provides longer alleviation by altering the unstable content of endometrium and take downing vaginal pH. Womans with contraindications to ERT-HRT could utilize lubricators for intercourse-related waterlessness or moisturizers for more uninterrupted alleviation ( Laurie, 2001 ) . Lubricants are impermanent steps to alleviate vaginal waterlessness during intercourse and moisturizers give longer diagnostic alleviation ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Agrimony, black baneberry, chaste tree, dong quai, enchantress Pomaderris apetala, and phytoestrogens are utile to cut down the vaginal waterlessness and dyspareunia but no grounds exists to back up these specific claims ( Laurie, 2001 ) .Treatment for psychological symptomTransdermal oestradiol, serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants are efficacious in the intervention of depression in diagnostic midlife adult females ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . There is deficient grounds that HT improve s temper, depression and other temper symptoms ( Farrell 2003 ) . Socioculture and household factors are more of import in the aetiology of mental unwellness in menopausal adult females ; in such instances antidepressants are more effectual than oestrogen therapy ( Ballinger, 1990 ) .Treatment for osteoporosisOestrogen therapy is the drug of pick for forestalling bone loss in menopausal adult females. Women ‘s Health Initiative ( WHI ) survey reported important decrease in the hazard of clinical breaks in a population-based sample of healthy postmenopausal adult females aged 50-79 old ages. In this big randomized controlled test, 16 608 adult females were recruited to the oestrogen-plus-progestogen arm of the survey. Treatment consisted, of one day-to-day tablet incorporating conjugated equine estrogen ( CEE ) , 0.625 milligram, and Provera ethanoate ( MPA ) , 2.5 mg. Trial were stopped with average follow-up period of 5.2 twelvemonth. In this survey, a important decrease was demonstrated in clinical vertebral and non-vertebral breaks, including hip breaks ( WHI, 2002 ) . Calcitonin besides helps by diminishing farther bone loss at vertebral and femoral sites. Orally administered bisphosphonates cut down bone loss and the incidence of vertebral malformation in patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. In menopausal adult females adequate Ca consumption is necessary. A minimal consumption of 800 milligram of calcium day-to-day is recommended for all grownups. Fluoride, anabolic steroids and parathyroid endocrine stimulate bone formation. Vitamin D lack increases the hazard of hep break ; hence vitamin D lack should be prevented and treated ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) .Treatment for Dementia and Cognitive mapOne survey demonstrates that oestrogen plus progestin therapy increased the hazard for likely dementedness in postmenopausal adult females aged 65 old ages or older and did non forestall mild cognitive damage in these adult females ( Shumaker et al, 2003 ) . There are no dependable informations to demo the benefit of oestrogen replacing therapy on dementedness with regard to knowledge, bar or hold in development of Alzheimer dementedness ( Mulnard et al, 2000 ) . Womans are more likely to be dietetic addendum and natural redress, phytoestrogens ; peculiarly isoflavones have protective effects in these conditions.Hormone Replacement Therapy ( HRT )Hormone replacing therapy ( HRT ) is effectual in handling several of the most common menopausal symptoms, including hot flowers and dark workout suits, vaginal symptoms and cystitis. The chief indicant for HRT usage in postmenopausal adult females remains the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Treatment for up to 5 old ages does non add important life clip hazard but little addition in hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease after long-run therapy ( Skouby et al, 2005 ) . Hormone replacing therapy consists of an oestrogen with progestin. Oestrogen thera py on day-to-day footing with a progestin either cyclically or continuously are being used in non-hysterectomized adult females. After hysterectomy it is usual to order oestrogen entirely ( Farrell, 2003 ) . Testosterone therapy is given to immature adult females traveling through a premature climacteric and to adult females who exhibit symptoms of testosterone lack ( Farrell 2003 ) . Tibolone is a steroid compound structurally related to 19-nortestosterone derived functions ( such as norethisterone ) , which exhibits a attendant weak estrogenic, progestational, and androgenic activity. Tibolone is described as a tissue-specific therapy because of its mechanisms of action, a classical receptor response, enzyme suppression within the chest and womb and specific local metamorphosis as in the womb. It is metabolized to three metabolites, with the 3?- and 3?- hydroxytibolone metabolites working merely by adhering to the oestrogen receptor and hence holding oestrogen-like actions, and the ?4 isomer holding Lipo-Lutin and androgen-like actions but no oestrogen action ( Palacios, 2001 ) . The paths of disposal of endocrines ( for HRT ) that are available are unwritten, Transdermal, hypodermic, vaginal, intramuscular, intrauterine, buccal and intranasal. There are besides many different types of oestrogen, including oestradiol, theelin, oestriol and conjugated equid oestrogen readyings, and progestin such as micronized Lipo-Lutin, dydrogestrone, norethisterone, Provera ethanoate, levonorgestrel and other newer progestogens ( Farrell 2003 ) . The hazard and benefits of HRTs are listed in Table 3.HazardBenefitsVenous thromboembolism Stroke Myocardial infarction ( MI ) Breast malignant neoplastic disease Cholecystitis Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease ( adult females who use oestrogen-only replacing therapy for 10 or more old ages ) Prevention of osteoporotic breaks Prevention of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease alleviation of symptoms of urogenital wasting Relieving hot flashes Decrease the hazard of developing type 2 diabetes Miller et al, 2002, WHI, 2002, Nelson et Al, 2002, Lacey et Al, 2002 Nelson et Al, 2002, Palacios, 2009, Maclennan et Al, 2001, Skouby et Al, 2005Feedback signifierPersonal DetailssName†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Occupation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Email ID†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Telephone No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ArticleReview article Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Very hapless Relevance Content effectivity Utility in patternExtra InformationHow will this article aid you in pattern? 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Personal space Essay

Most social situations North Americans require a comfort zone of six to eight square feet per person, and any violation of that buffer can trigger a reaction (Bowen). â€Å"People use avoidance responses,† says Robert Sommer, a psychologist at the University of California-Davis and author of the book Personal Space (qtd. in Bowen). But where does the standard of personal space come from? According to Sommer, â€Å"a comfort distance for conversation varies from culture to culture.† Because Mediterranean and Asian countries are more densely populated, their personal space zones are much closer to the body than those of North Americans and Northern Europeans (qtd. in Bowen). The westerns are certainly planning on keeping this standard in the future. In fact, the world’s population is increasing at an incredible rate. Even the country offers its citizens plenty of spaces everywhere; they have to learn to make compromises on their personal space not only to accept the inevitable reality but also for the benefit of this compromise. First of all, urban Americans should make compromises on personal space when they are using public transportations. The New York City subway system is a really great representative example of personal space; the total number of urban citizens is more than 18 million, thus making the subway system extremely crowded every day. But even during the rush hours, the passengers are still careful about their distance with the others. If one person has a minor physical contact with someone and doesn’t express the apology, the other person will raise their voice instantly and say â€Å"excuse me† and certainly feels offended. This is totally unnecessary, especially during the rush hours, because some people might be late for work or school already, and someone might be thinking about today’s schedule. The rest of them are doing things that indeed catch their attention. Under such circumstances, it’s highly possible for passengers to have minor physical contact with others out of negligence they don’t notice. On the other hand, there is Shanghai, the second largest city in China with more than 20 million residents and most of them use the subway for daily transportation. It’s even more crowded compared to the New York City subway. So close to each other with their shoulders and backs passengers may nudge 2 or 3 persons at the same time, and they have been totally adapted to this situation without any discomfort. The Tokyo subway  system passengers have even less personal space during the rush hours. The metro staff will push the passengers back so that more people will have the opportunity to get in the train in the morning. What are the passengers’ reactions? They don’t feel offended at all. They are actually grateful because all of them can get to work on time, and their personal sacrifice is helping many people. Their joint efforts make the subway system much more efficient and indeed prevent lots of unpleasant arguments. â€Å"When they’re moving, they tend to keep a distance of three or four steps so as not to violate each other’s personal space.† said Larry Gould, director of operations analysis at New York City Transit (qtd. in Gardy). But the sheer density of the population is giving the Chinese a very different sense of personal space (Toy, 2). â€Å"Personal spaces overlap,† said Stuart Strother, an economist who has lived in China and who wrote a travel guide, â€Å"Living Abroad in China†. â€Å"It’s not that you don’t have any personal space, but I may have to share your space,† he said. Perhaps as a consequence, Strother said, pointing at and touching people, even total strangers, is not considered rude (Toy). There’s also another interesting phenomenon. You will never see two strangers sitting together in the New York City subway if there’s empty space somewhere else. The definition for â€Å"empty† means nobody is sitting next to you, and there’s at least one seat separating you from your surroundings. Most of the time, even during the rush hours, passengers prefer to stand rather than take the single seat between two passengers. Based on Robert Sommer’s theory, â€Å"The violation of personal space increases tension levels enormously (qtd. in Bowen)†. In other words, urban Americans prefer to sacrifice many things in order to sustain their high standard of personal space. But with the expansion of population, Americans eventually have to make compromises on personal space. So why not prepare to adjust the situation ahead of time? There’re also many benefits if they’re willing to do so. The most direct benefit is to increase the capacity of the train; more passengers can get in the train if most of them are willing to have less personal space. On top of that, more empty seats will be occupied if they sit close to each other. The amounts of seats are designed for a reason; it’s common to see 3 people occupy 4 or more seats. They sit apart simply because they want to have more personal space. Nothing bad will happen if  Americans make compromises on personal space. Urban Americans don’t need to create those invisible walls to protect themselves. They probably waste a great opportunity to make new friends sitting away from each other in the subway. Society will be filled with harmony and peace if people are not so suspicious and stop creating those invisible walls subconsciously. Lots of Americans are having a hard time adjusting to Chinese culture during their visit in Chinese cities. Some locals may come to them in order to take photos with the foreigners. Other locals are probably looking at the foreigners out of curiosity. Those actions are really common in China but the Americans are quite sensitive to those actions and sometimes feel offended. Their invisible walls are necessary to isolate them but indeed increase the tension levels. Americans’ perceptions and standards of personal space are definitely hard to change, but if they do, it always comes with a greater good. The United States is currently the No.1 country in the world, which receives millions of immigrants every year. By receiving those immigrants, United States not only receives the knowledge but also accepts their different cultural standards. Urban Americans can neither apply all the American standards to new immigrants nor expect them to adopt the entire standards by themselves. Personal space is only the tip of the iceberg, but it’s fairly important to live in the big cultural melting pot of New York. Subway passengers are highly diversified, and there’re probably people from 50 different countries taking the same train at the same time. According to Shuhan Wang, the executive director for Chinese language initiatives at the Asia Society, there’s an old Chinese saying â€Å"you treat other people’s elderly as if they’re your own, and you treat other people’s children as if they’re your own∙∙∙ So in a way, everybody in society is extended family† (qtd. in Toy). This is a good concept that urban Americans should take a look at to make compromises. By lowering the standard of personal space, it will be easier for foreign immigrants to be part of the society, and lower standards are always easier to be adopted gradually. The standards of personal space can also be interpreted through sociological perspective. According to Robert Pepper, a sociology professor at New York Institute of Technology, conflict theory can be used to explain the standards of personal space because people are competing for scarce resources; every single passenger would like to  have some extra space in the subway especially during the rush hour. He used the term â€Å"ethnocentrism† to suggest that Americans to make compromises on personal space. He believes Americans should not place their own cultural group above the rest. The standards of personal space are definitely different based on the culture, and the Americans should respect all customs and religions. â€Å"Chinese society emphasizes a collective mentality over an individualistic one.† said Stuart Strother (qtd. in Toy). But the American culture is exactly the opposite, thus making it even harder for urban Americans to accept. Having the idea of individualism, Americans are rewarded for behaving independently, making their own plans, and working toward achieving their personal goals. Under such circumstance, individuals are hired and promoted largely based on individual achievement and qualifications (â€Å"Culture†). And the Americans expand this idea of individualism into all areas; they want to be unique, to be easily distinguished from the crowd, and a high standard of personal space is definitely necessary. Chinese people are different, they emphasize the idea of the group, and everyone in the group shares things equally, so no one is necessarily better than the rest. People will stay together to achieve the group goal. No one wants to be unique because if you are unique that means you are isolated. The overall impact from high population density and idea of big groups are helping the Chinese adjust the lower standard of personal space in the long run. If Americans could learn some of the concepts, it will be much easier for them to make personal sacrifices in exchange for the greater good of the society. But some people may argue that lack of personal space can indicate people’s lack of manners and this is not right. In Lee, Patrick P’s article â€Å"Rush Hour,† he introduced his own life experience in Hong Kong which at the time was still a British colony. Hong Kong adopted the language, social order, peoples’ perceptions of things and especially manners. They are taught with the British gentlemen’s style, but on the other hand, there’s no need to say â€Å"excuse me† in the subway, or any doorway. The locals aren’t being rude when they invade your personal space. They simply need to go everywhere, nowhere, fast. In tiny and overcrowded Hong Kong, the concept of â€Å"personal space† is a luxury which one can’t afford and probably doesn’t exist (Lee, 2). This kind of situation will eventually happen in big US cities. If they’re making the compromise now, it  can be beneficial in the long run. The United States doesn’t have mandatory birth control which will inevitably make the population expansion even faster, and as a result the personal space will shrink. So to be prepared ahead of time is always a good thing. The younger generation will have different mind sets in the future in order to adjust the situation. Driven by individualism, urban Americans are treating their personal space as one of their birth rights. It’s complicated even verbally to ask them to make compromises on their personal space. But the whole world population just passed 7 billion 1 month ago; this inevitable reality should give urban Americans a wakeup call. If they choose to live in the big cities, they’re going to have to face the overcrowded society. They’re going to feel disappointed because their old standards cannot apply anymore. So, make the changes of mind from now and it will eventually give them greater benefits. They can have a good mood to start the new day with the crowded subway, if they’re willing to make minor sacrifice on personal space. They’re still very gentle persons even they sit next to someone because the society accept the different mind and adapt to the situation of fast expanded population and less personal space. Foreigners won’t feel the indivisible walls anymore because urban Americans don’t need them anymore. The whole society could be filled with harmony and urban Americans could be living more like a big family.

Informal Essay Topics Up-to-Date and Debatable Issues

Informal Essay Topics Up-to-Date and Debatable Issues Once you are given a task to write a paper on the informal essay topic, the only thing you have to remember is that the informal essay writing topics are written mostly as a made up story of your own. When you start working at the informal essay topic the first thing you have to do is to choose a topic of the essay. By taking a particular question or a problem, you have to understand how it will be presented in your informal essay topic. While writing the informal essay you don’t have to obey strict rules, but you have to show the beginning and the end of the story, absolutely clear to you and your professor. Choosing the informal essay topics you have to decide how much information you will present. Also you have to consider if it is mostly a story or a descriptive manner of you informal essay topic. When you choose the informal essay topic you have to consider the interests of those who are supposed to read it. The informal essay topic has to be informative and interesting. You don’t have to do much research on the informal essay topic, as it must be mostly your personality and attitude to a specific question or a problem. The main goal and value of the informal essay topic is to deliver your inside and thoughts to the reader. Such topics for informal papers can be: Relationships between parents and children AIDS: the plague of the 21st century Love and friendship 20th century great poets Teenagers’ alcoholism Marriage and divorce Living between the lines School or home education? Life on the Moon Being a member of the society To get the best possible result, the topic on the informal essays should be chosen most closely to the topics discussed during your lectures and studies. The informal essay topics have the wide range of possibilities to express your thoughts and attitudes. No deep and specific knowledge of the sciences is needed. Using some quotes in you informal essay topic must be cited and referenced.

Attaining organization Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Attaining organization - Dissertation Example The primary aim of this thesis is to identify the technical and team roles critical to the functioning of an outsourced software development team in company Y. Belbin's 9 team role analysis will be used to analyse the team roles (Belbin Associates, 2006, online). 1.2. Research Question Based on the primary aim, the secondary aim of this thesis is established in the framework of the primary research environment. It is stated as follows: What team skills are missing in an outsourced software development team in Company Y contracted by Company X I. Context This chapter provides a brief context for this thesis. First, the history of Belbin's 9 team role analysis is documented (Belbin Associates, 2006, online). The next section contains the justification for this study. The last section defines the terms used in this study. 2.0. The Origins of Belbin's 9 Team Role Analysis The concept of team role is steep in history and has taken on center stage in recent years when flatter flexible organisational structures (Drucker, 1992, p.95), worker empowerment and teamworking (Webb, 2003, online), and interdependence that is a main feature of the modern semi-automated work (Smith et al., 1994, p.33) are the trend. Amongst the various team role classifications, that of Belbin (Belbin Associates, 2006, online) has become famous due to the ease with which a team member's most intrinsic team roles are identified through administration of the Belbin Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) (Senior and Swailes, 1998, p.1). The Belbin Team Role Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) is a famous and widely used metrics for identifying an individual's team roles. Over a span of nine years, Meredith Belbin and a group of researchers based at Henley Management College,... The concept of team role is steep in history and has taken on center stage in recent years when flatter flexible organisational structures (Drucker, 1992, p.95), worker empowerment and teamworking (Webb, 2003, online), and interdependence that is the main feature of the modern semi-automated work (Smith et al., 1994, p.33) are the trends. Amongst the various team role classifications, that of Belbin (Belbin Associates, 2006, online) has become famous due to the ease with which a team member’s most intrinsic team roles are identified through administration of the Belbin Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) (Senior and Swailes, 1998, p.1). The Belbin Team-Role Self-Perception Inventory (SPI) is a famous and widely used metrics for identifying an individual’s team roles. Over a span of nine years, Meredith Belbin and a group of researchers based at Henley Management College, England, researched the behavior of managers from around the globe. Managers participating in the study were given a series of psychometric tests and assigned to teams of different compositions while they executed complicated management activities. Their main personality traits, intellectual patterns, and behaviors were evaluated during the activities. As time went by different groups of behavior were identified as underpinning the success of the teams. These were called â€Å"team roles†. The team roles can be categorized into three categories of action-oriented roles, namely the shaper, the implementer/worker, and the completer-finisher.

Three Information Technology Systems Assignment

Three Information Technology Systems - Assignment Example Being able to correlate information across multiple platforms creates a successful environment for combatting crime. Introduction In today’s age of information technology and in the various designs of database creations, members of law enforcement find that knowing how to utilize any number of research techniques will greatly assist in finding information on criminals being sought for various crimes. Criminal databases are also a valuable tool in determining what areas of a city, state or in the nation, require a more robust police presence in order to keep criminal activity down to a manageable level (Hunter & Barker 2011). As part of training for any police officer and for detectives conducting any type of criminal research activities, understanding how each database works and the search criteria required for each, is essential for success in finding and identifying specific people who may be involved in criminal behavior. Three database systems are discussed in this paper: the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), the National Crime Victimization Survey database (NCVS), and the Crime Mapping system (Cordner & Scarborough 2010). 1. There are a number of ways that these database systems are used by law enforcement agencies within a community policing program to help with keeping down criminal activity. It is important for every community to have some type of mapping system which can show what criminal activity has been taking place over various time periods. In many instances, the police department for any given city will most likely access state information in order to drill down to a city’s information criteria and subsequently, to fine-tune that information to a neighborhood or community (Mazerolle, Bellucci & Gajewski 2005). The state is the main point of access for any type of information concerning census data, land use data, Department of Motor Vehicles data, and any other data that would commonly be required by a state to maintain in some database. From the statewide access point, the city police department may choose to have a professional database designer come in to create a system that can access the state information and combine it with city information in order to be able to create specific pictures or maps of where crime has been more active, such as in number of robberies over a specified time period. This type of mapping is also useful in determining traffic problems that might occur in various spots in the community because of criteria concerning time of day and even the day of the week (Mazerolle, Bellucci & Gajewski 2005). In the case of the IAFIS system which plugs into a national database, the use of the system helps to identify criminals who may be traveling over different cities and even into different states while committing crimes along the way (FBI 20130. If a criminal has been picked up once along the way and been fingerprinted before being put in jail, when he gets out and commits more crimes, he is easily identified, apprehended and put back in jail. While some criminals have not been caught yet, their fingerprints at crime scenes will be retained and attached to the crime so that if ever apprehended, the crime will come up in the database and the criminal finally